不同运输条件对合浦珠母贝稚贝存活比较

比较运输方式及环境温度对合浦珠母贝稚贝运输中的存活影响,从而为稚贝运输过程中的运输方式、环境温度及运输时间的把握提供借鉴和参考。以3月龄稚贝为实验材料,运用无水干露、加水淹没及包装充氧等3种方式,分别在环境温度为5、13、21和29℃下模拟运输。每隔3 h从每组运输条件下取出1组实验贝,转移到正常养殖环境下暂养恢复,经48 h后统计其存活率。对运输时间与存活率之间进行非线性参数曲线拟合,计算每组运输条件下的致死时间(T_0)、半致死时间(T_(0.5))及全致死时间(T_1);运用双因素方差分析,Duncan氏方法比较3种运输方式及4种环境温度间的均值。结果显示:包装充氧优于其他两种运输方式,而加水淹没又优于无水干露;温度为13℃和21℃时优于其他2个环境温度,环境温度为17.60～20.05℃是稚贝运输的最佳温度。     

Influence of larval transport and temperature on recruitment dynamics of North Sea cod (Gadus morhua) across spatial scales of observation

The survival of fish eggs and larvae, and therefore recruitment success, can be critically affected by transport in ocean currents. Combining a model of early‐life stage dispersal with statistical stock–recruitment models, we investigated the role of larval transport for recruitment variability across spatial scales for the population complex of North Sea cod (Gadus morhua). By using a coupled physical–biological model, we estimated the egg and larval transport over a 44‐year period. The oceanographic component of the model, capable of capturing the interannual variability of temperature and ocean current patterns, was coupled to the biological component, an individual‐based model (IBM) that simulated the cod eggs and larvae development and mortality. This study proposes a novel method to account for larval transport and success in stock–recruitment models: weighting the spawning stock biomass by retention rate and, in the case of multiple populations, their connectivity. Our method provides an estimate of the stock biomass contributing to recruitment and the effect of larval transport on recruitment variability. Our results indicate an effect, albeit small, in some populations at the local level. Including transport anomaly as an environmental covariate in traditional stock–recruitment models in turn captures recruitment variability at larger scales. Our study aims to quantify the role of larval transport for recruitment across spatial scales, and disentangle the roles of temperature and larval transport on effective connectivity between populations, thus informing about the potential impacts of climate change on the cod population structure in the North Sea.     

空气罐与超压泄压阀联合水锤防护特性

提出了一种空气罐与超压泄压阀联合设置的停泵水锤防护方案,并基于瞬变流计算的特征线法建立了空气罐、液控蝶阀、超压泄压阀等边界条件的数学模型,模拟了停泵工况下系统的压力变化过程.结合工程实例,对比分析了空气罐单独防护、空气罐与两阶段关闭泵后液控蝶阀联合防护以及空气罐与超压泄压阀联合防护对停泵水锤的影响.在空气罐体型一定时,对超压泄压阀的启闭规律进行了敏感性分析.计算结果表明,空气罐与两阶段关闭泵后液控蝶阀联合防护方案对输水系统正负水锤防护均不利;而空气罐与超压泄压阀联合防护方案对输水系统正负水锤均有较好的防护效果,与空气罐单独防护方案相比,泵后高压管段最高压应力由1.343 MPa降至1.087 MPa,在满足承压标准1.2 MPa的基础上安全裕度提高了9.4%,空气罐体型也由200 m³缩减至160 m³.超压泄压阀应在5 s内开启至全开度,且开启后持续时间应接近1个相长.     

白背飞虱酚氧化酶原PPO基因特性及其免疫应答

【目的】酚氧化酶（phenoloxidase,PO）是昆虫体内的免疫蛋白,在昆虫体内起重要的调节作用,主要以无活性的酚氧化酶原（prophenoloxidase,PPO）形式存在。本研究在转录组测序获得白背飞虱（Sogatella furcifera）3条PPO序列的基础上,通过分析白背飞虱体内不同SfPPO的发育和组织表达模式,并进一步抑制SfPPO的表达以及病原菌诱导,探讨SfPPO在白背飞虱体内的生物学功能。【方法】以白背飞虱3条SfPPO序列为研究对象,利用生物信息学方法分析其蛋白结构以及与其他昆虫之间的同源性。并以注射绿色荧光蛋白（green fluorescent protein,GFP）的dsRNA作为对照组,通过注射合成的dsSfPPO后采用实时荧光定量PCR（qRT-PCR）检测基因表达抑制效果;此外,为了探究SfPPO在白背飞虱生长发育和免疫应答方面的作用,利用qRT-PCR检测SfPPO在不同发育阶段及组织中的表达情况,以及注射大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）和枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）后3个SfPPO的诱导表达情况。【结果】SfPPO1、SfPPO2-1、SfPPO2-2的开放阅读框长度分别为2 079、999、2 070 bp,分别编码692、332、689个氨基酸,预测蛋白分子量分别为79.84、37.67、79.53 kD,等电点分别为6.43、9.56、6.20。生物信息学分析表明,白背飞虱的3个PPO蛋白具有较高的同源性,且与褐飞虱（Nilaparvata lugens）的亲缘关系最近;SfPPO1、SfPPO2-1、SfPPO2-2均在成虫第3天表达量最高,其中SfPPO2-1和SfPPO2-2的发育表达模式相似;SfPPO1和SfPPO2-1在表皮和脂肪体内表达量较高,而SfPPO2-2在翅和脂肪体内表达量较高,在头、足、中肠、马氏管中表达量相对较低;与注射dsGFP组相比,注射靶标基因的dsRNA后都能够显著沉默目的基因的表达,而且当SfPPO2-1表达被沉默后,SfPPO1出现显著高表达,说明不同的PPO之间可能具有补偿功能;大肠杆菌诱导后12 h,SfPPO2-1和SfPPO2-2表达量显著升高,SfPPO1表达量则在诱导24 h后显著升高;枯草芽胞杆菌诱导24 h后,SfPPO1、SfPPO2-1和SfPPO2-2表达量均显著升高。【结论】SfPPO1、SfPPO2-1、SfPPO2-2的表达存在组织和龄期特异性,且在不同菌诱导情况下存在免疫应答差异性。研究结果有助于更加全面、深入地探索白背飞虱酚氧化酶在调控昆虫发育及免疫中的潜在分子机理。     

Primary productivity in patches of heterogeneous swards after 12 years of low-intensity cattle grazing

In low-intensity grazing systems, patch grazing leads to a mosaic structure of short (frequently defoliated) and tall (rarely defoliated) patches, with the stocking rate determining the proportion of these patch types on the pasture. Little is known about the long-term effects of patch grazing on the productivity of contrasting sward height patches developed under varying stocking rates. On a 12-year low-intensity cattle pasture we investigated aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and its seasonal variation in different patch types (‘short’, ‘medium’ and ‘tall’) under three stocking rates (‘moderate’, ‘lenient’ and ‘very lenient’) over two years. Additionally, we determined stocks of soil phosphorus, potassium and magnesium as well as soil pH. ANPP was affected by an interaction of patch type and stocking rate and ranged from less than 300 g/m² in short patches under very lenient stocking to more than 1,000 g/m² in medium patches under moderate stocking. In contrast with observations at the start of the experiment, ANPP in short patches was similar to or less than that in medium and tall patches. As topsoil phosphorus and potassium stocks were lowest in short patches, this indicates a long-term redistribution of nutrients by grazing animals, which limits short-patch productivity. Productivity of medium patches increased with stocking rate, and soil potassium concentration showed a similar trend, pointing towards enhanced nutrient cycling under more intensive stocking. We conclude that nutrient redistribution may lead to increasing trade-offs between ecological and agronomic aims in long-term low-intensity grazing systems.     

Soluble Klotho protein suppresses THP-1-derived foam cell formation

AIMTo investigate the role of soluble Klotho protein in THP-1-derived foam cell formation. METHODSTHP-1 monocytes were induced into macrophages by treatment with 160 nmol/L phorbol myristate acetate for 48 h, and then were divided into 6 groups: negative control group (THP-1-derived macrophages), positive control group [THP-1-derived foam cells induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) for 48 h], and 25, 50, 100 and 200 μg/L soluble Klotho protein groups (THP-1-derived macrophages pretreated with soluble Klotho protein at the indicat?ed concentraions for 2 h and then induced by ox-LDL for 48 h). Lipid droplets in cytoplasm were observed by oil red O staining. The cholesterol outflow rate was detected by scintillation counting technique. The content of intracellular total cholesterol, free cholesterol and cholesterol ester was detected by enzyme fluorescence analysis. The expression of acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 （ACAT1） and ATP-binding cassette transport?er A1 (ABCA1) at mRNA and protein levels was determined by RT-qPCR and Western blot, respectively. RESULTSOil red O staining and lipid mass quantification showed that THP-1-derived foam cell formation was dose-dependently suppressed by soluble Klotho protein. The cholesterol efflux rate of THP-1-derived foam cells was increased by soluble Klotho protein in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). In addition, soluble Klotho protein decreased the expression of ACAT1 and increased the expression of ABCA1 in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). CONCLUSION The soluble Klotho protein inhibits THP-1-derived foam cell formation in a dose-dependent manner by down-regulating the expression of ACAT1 and up-regulating the expression of ABCA1.     

基于配合力和遗传距离的甜高粱杂种优势预测

【目的】对甜高粱主要农艺性状进行杂种优势、一般配合力及特殊配合力分析,同时,分析配合力、表型遗传距离以及分子遗传距离用于杂种优势预测的可行性,为甜高粱的种质创新和杂交种选育提供理论参考。【方法】采用不完全双列杂交设计,以8个甜高粱不育系为母本及8个甜高粱恢复系为父本配制64个杂交组合。对亲本及杂交后代进行2年的性状调查,包括：出苗至开花日数、生育期、株高、穗长、茎粗、分蘖、单穗粒重、千粒重、籽粒产量、单株重、生物产量和含糖量。分析不同性状的杂种优势、一般配合力、特殊配合力、表型遗传距离、分子遗传距离以及配合力、遗传距离与杂种优势的相关性。【结果】各性状的中亲优势由强到弱分别为单株重、籽粒产量、单穗粒重、生物产量、株高、穗长、千粒重、茎粗、生育期、至开花日数、分蘖和含糖量,其中,生育期、至开花日数、分蘖和含糖量等性状为负优势。不同性状的中亲优势和超亲优势由强到弱的顺序基本相同。配合力分析表明,每个性状中,不同亲本的一般配合力相差较大,且不同组合的特殊配合力也有很大差异。大多数特殊配合力高的组合,其亲本的一般配合力也较高。杂种优势与配合力和遗传距离的相关性为单株重、籽粒产量、单穗粒重、生物产量、穗长、千粒重、分蘖以及含糖量等性状的杂种优势与其亲本的一般配合力和特殊配合力均为极显著正相关。生育期的杂种优势与特殊配合力为极显著正相关,至开花日数与特殊配合力为显著正相关。亲本间的表型遗传距离为2.86—6.82,分子遗传距离为0.50—0.96。单株重、籽粒产量、单穗粒重、生物产量、株高、穗长、茎粗及含糖量等性状的杂种优势与分子遗传距离的相关性大于表型遗传距离,其中,生物产量、单株重、穗长和茎粗的杂种优势与分子遗传距离为极显著正相关。【结论】所有性状中,与产量相关性状的杂种优势较高,而含糖量和分蘖的杂种优势较低。在杂种优势预测上,利用亲本的配合力可有效预测杂种优势,预测效果优于遗传距离。与表型遗传距离相比,分子遗传距离对杂种优势的预测更有效。     

Thresholds,sensitive stages and genetic variability of finger millet to high temperature stress

Finger millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.] is an important coarse cereal crop grown in the arid and semi‐arid regions and often experiences high temperature (HT) stress. The objectives of this research were (i) to quantify effects of season‐long HT stress on physiological and yield traits, (ii) to identify the developmental stages most sensitive to HT stress and (iii) to quantify the genetic variability for HT stress tolerance in finger millet. Research was conducted in controlled environment conditions. HT stress decreased the chlorophyll index, photosystem II activity, grain yield and harvest index. Maximum decrease in number of seeds per panicle and grain yield per plant was observed when stress was imposed during booting, panicle emergence or flowering stages. Maximum genotypic variation was explained by panicle width and number of seeds per panicle at optimum temperature (OT) and grain yield per plant at HT and number of seeds at HT. Based on the stress response and grain yield, tolerant or susceptible genotypes were identified. Finger millet is sensitive to HT stress during reproductive stages, and there was genotypic variability among the finger millet genotypes for number of seeds per panicle and grain yield under HT, which can be exploited to enhance stress tolerance.